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Indonesia
Main Page
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Introduction
::Indonesia
| The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the
early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands
from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its
independence after Japan's surrender, but it
required four years of intermittent
negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN
mediation before the Netherlands agreed to
transfer sovereignty in 1949. Free and fair
legislative elections took place in 1999 after
decades of repressive rule. Indonesia is now
the world's third most populous democracy, the
world's largest archipelagic state, and home
to the world's largest Muslim population.
Current issues include: alleviating poverty,
improving education, preventing terrorism,
consolidating democracy after four decades of
authoritarianism, implementing economic and
financial reforms, stemming corruption,
holding the military and police accountable
for human rights violations, addressing
climate change, and controlling avian
influenza. In 2005, Indonesia reached a
historic peace agreement with armed
separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic
elections in Aceh in December 2006. Indonesia
continues to face low intensity armed
resistance by the separatist Free Papua
Movement.
Geography
::Indonesia
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Location:
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Southeastern Asia, archipelago between
the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
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Geographic coordinates:
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5 00 S, 120 00 E
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Area:
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total: 1,904,569
sq km
country
comparison to the world: 16
land: 1,811,569
sq km
water: 93,000
sq km
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Area - comparative:
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slightly less than three times the
size of Texas
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Land boundaries:
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total: 2,830
km
border countries: Timor-Leste
228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New
Guinea 820 km
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Coastline:
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54,716 km
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Maritime claims:
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measured from claimed archipelagic
straight baselines
territorial sea: 12
nm
exclusive economic zone: 200
nm
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Climate:
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Weather
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in
highlands
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Terrain:
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mostly coastal lowlands; larger
islands have interior mountains
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Indian
Ocean 0 m
highest point: Puncak
Jaya 5,030 m
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Natural resources:
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petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel,
timber, bauxite, copper, fertile
soils, coal, gold, silver
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Land use:
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arable land: 11.03%
permanent crops: 7.04%
other: 81.93%
(2005)
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Irrigated land:
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45,000 sq km (2003)
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Total renewable water resources:
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2,838 cu km (1999)
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Freshwater withdrawal
(domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 82.78
cu km/yr (8%/1%/91%)
per capita: 372
cu m/yr (2000)
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Natural hazards:
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occasional floods; severe droughts;
tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes;
forest fires
volcanism: Indonesia
contains the most volcanoes of any
country in the world - some 76 are
historically active; significant
volcanic activity occurs on Java,
western Sumatra, the Sunda Islands,
Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island,
Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea;
Merapi (elev. 2,968 m, 9,737 ft),
Indonesia's most active volcano and in
eruption since 2010, has been deemed a
"Decade Volcano" by the
International Association of
Volcanology and Chemistry of the
Earth's Interior, worthy of study due
to its explosive history and close
proximity to human populations; other
notable historically active volcanoes
include Agung, Awu, Karangetang,
Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung,
and Tambora
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Environment - current issues:
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deforestation; water pollution from
industrial wastes, sewage; air
pollution in urban areas; smoke and
haze from forest fires
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Environment - international
agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine
Life Conservation
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Geography - note:
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archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000
inhabited); straddles equator;
strategic location astride or along
major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to
Pacific Ocean
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People
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Population:
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242,968,342 (July 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 4 |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 28.1%
(male 34,337,341/female
33,162,207)
15-64 years: 66%
(male 79,549,569/female
78,918,321)
65 years and over: 6%
(male 6,335,208/female
7,968,876) (2010 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 27.9
years
male: 27.4
years
female: 28.4
years (2010 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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1.097% (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 115 |
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Birth rate:
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18.45 births/1,000 population
(2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 106 |
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Death rate:
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6.25 deaths/1,000 population
(July 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 158 |
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Net migration rate:
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-1.23 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 164 |
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Urbanization:
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urban population: 52%
of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 3.3%
annual rate of change (2005-10
est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04
male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01
male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79
male(s)/female
total population: 1
male(s)/female (2010 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 28.94
deaths/1,000 live births
country
comparison to the world: 74
male: 33.76
deaths/1,000 live births
female: 23.89
deaths/1,000 live births (2010
est.)
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 71.05
years
country
comparison to the world: 136
male: 68.53
years
female: 73.69
years (2010 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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2.28 children born/woman (2010
est.)
country
comparison to the world: 107 |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence
rate:
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0.2% (2007 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 103 |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with
HIV/AIDS:
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270,000 (2007 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 25 |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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8,700 (2007 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 36 |
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Major infectious diseases:
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degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial
diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: chikungunya,
dengue fever, and malaria
note: highly
pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza
has been identified in this
country; it poses a negligible
risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens who
have close contact with birds
(2009)
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Nationality:
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noun: Indonesian(s)
adjective: Indonesian
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Ethnic groups:
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Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15%,
Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%,
Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten
2%, Banjar 1.7%, other or
unspecified 29.9% (2000 census)
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Religions:
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Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%,
Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%,
other or unspecified 3.4% (2000
census)
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Languages:
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Bahasa Indonesia (official,
modified form of Malay),
English, Dutch, local dialects
(the most widely spoken of which
is Javanese)
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Literacy:
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definition: age
15 and over can read and write
total population: 90.4%
male: 94%
female: 86.8%
(2004 est.)
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School life expectancy
(primary to tertiary education):
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total: 13
years
male: 13
years
female: 13
years (2008)
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Education expenditures:
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3.5% of GDP (2007)
country
comparison to the world: 134
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Government
::Indonesia
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic
of Indonesia
conventional short form: Indonesia
local long form: Republik
Indonesia
local short form: Indonesia
former: Netherlands
East Indies, Dutch East
Indies
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Government type:
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republic
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Capital:
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name: Jakarta
geographic coordinates: 6
10 S, 106 49 E
time difference: UTC+7
(12 hours ahead of
Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
note: Indonesia
is divided into three time
zones
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Administrative
divisions:
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30 provinces (provinsi-provinsi,
singular - provinsi), 2
special regions* (daerah-daerah
istimewa, singular -
daerah istimewa), and 1
special capital city
district** (daerah khusus
ibukota); Aceh*, Bali,
Banten, Bengkulu,
Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya**,
Jambi, Jawa Barat (West
Java), Jawa Tengah, Jawa
Timur, Kalimantan Barat,
Kalimantan Selatan,
Kalimantan Tengah,
Kalimantan Timur,
Kepulauan Bangka Belitung,
Kepulauan Riau, Lampung,
Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa
Tenggara Barat, Nusa
Tenggara Timur, Papua,
Papua Barat, Riau,
Sulawesi Barat, Sulawesi
Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah,
Sulawesi Tenggara,
Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera
Barat, Sumatera Selatan,
Sumatera Utara, Yogyakarta*
note: following
the implementation of
decentralization beginning
on 1 January 2001,
regencies and
municipalities have become
the key administrative
units responsible for
providing most government
services
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Independence:
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17 August 1945 (declared);
27 December 1949 (by the
Netherlands); note - in
August 2005 the
Netherlands announced that
it had recognized de facto
Indonesian independence on
17 August 1945
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 17
August (1945)
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Constitution:
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August 1945; abrogated by
Federal Constitution of
1949 and Provisional
Constitution of 1950,
restored 5 July 1959;
series of amendments
concluded in 2002
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Legal system:
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based on Roman-Dutch law,
substantially modified by
indigenous concepts and by
new criminal procedures
and election codes; has
not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
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Suffrage:
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17 years of age; universal
and married persons
regardless of age
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President
Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO
(since 20 October 2004);
Vice President BOEDIONO
(since 20 October 2009);
note - the president is
both the chief of state
and head of government
head of government: President
Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO
(since 20 October 2004);
Vice President BOEDIONO
(since 20 October 2009)
cabinet: Cabinet
appointed by the president
elections: president
and vice president elected
for five-year terms
(eligible for a second
term) by direct vote of
the citizenry; election
last held on 8 July 2009
(next to be held in 2014)
election results: Susilo
Bambang YUDHOYONO elected
president; percent of vote
- Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO
60.8%, MEGAWATI
Sukarnoputri 26.8%, Jusuf
KALLA 12.4%
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Legislative branch:
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People's Consultative
Assembly (Majelis
Permusyawaratan Rakyat or
MPR) is the upper house;
it consists of members of
the DPR and DPD and has
role in inaugurating and
impeaching the president
and in amending the
constitution but does not
formulate national policy;
House of Representatives
or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat
(DPR) (560 seats, members
elected to serve five-year
terms), formulates and
passes legislation at the
national level; House of
Regional Representatives (Dewan
Perwakilan Daerah or DPD),
constitutionally mandated
role includes providing
legislative input to DPR
on issues affecting
regions (132 members, four
from each of Indonesia's
30 provinces, two special
regions, and one special
capital city district)
elections: last
held on 9 April 2009 (next
to be held in 2014)
election results: percent
of vote by party - PD
20.9%, GOLKAR 14.5%, PDI-P
14.0%, PKS 7.9%, PAN 6.0%,
PPP 5.3%, PKB 4.9%,
GERINDRA 4.5%, HANURA
3.8%, others 18.2%; seats
by party - PD 148, GOLKAR
107, PDI-P 94, PKS 57, PAN
46, PPP 37, PKB 28,
GERINDRA 26, HANURA 17
note: 29
other parties received
less than 2.5% of the vote
so did not obtain any
seats; because of election
rules, the number of seats
won does not always follow
the percentage of votes
received by parties
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court or Mahkamah
Agung is the final court
of appeal but does not
have the power of judicial
review (justices are
appointed by the president
from a list of candidates
selected by the
legislature); in March
2004 the Supreme Court
assumed administrative and
financial responsibility
for the lower court system
from the Ministry of
Justice and Human Rights;
Constitutional Court or
Mahkamah Konstitusi
(invested by the president
on 16 August 2003) has the
power of judicial review,
jurisdiction over the
results of a general
election, and reviews
actions to dismiss a
president from office;
Labor Court under
supervision of Supreme
Court began functioning in
January 2006; the
Anti-Corruption Court has
jurisdiction over
corruption cases brought
by the independent
Corruption Eradication
Commission
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Political parties and
leaders:
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Democrat Party or PD [Anas
URANINGRUM]; Functional
Groups Party or GOLKAR [Aburizal
BAKRIE]; Great Indonesia
Movement Party or GERINDRA
[SUHARDI]; Indonesia
Democratic Party-Struggle
or PDI-P [MEGAWATI
Sukarnoputri]; National
Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman
ISKANDAR]; National
Mandate Party or PAN [Hatta
RAJASA]; People's
Conscience Party or HANURA
[WIRANTO]; Prosperous
Justice Party or PKS [Luthfi
Hasan ISHAQ]; United
Development Party or PPP [Suryadharma
ALI]
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Political pressure
groups and leaders:
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Commission for the
"Disappeared"
and Victims of Violence or
KontraS; Indonesia
Corruption Watch or ICW;
Indonesian Forum for the
Environment or WALHI;
Islamic Defenders Front or
FPI; People's Democracy
Fortress or Bendera
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International
organization participation:
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ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS,
CICA (observer), CP, D-8,
EAS, FAO, G-15, G-20,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM (observer), IPU, ISO,
ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA,
MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PIF
(partner), UN, UNAMID,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMIS,
UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic
representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador
Dino Patti DJALAL
chancery: 2020
Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1]
(202) 775-5200
FAX: [1]
(202) 775-5365
consulate(s) general: Chicago,
Houston, Los Angeles, New
York, San Francisco
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Diplomatic
representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador
Scot A. MARCIEL
embassy: Jalan
1 Medan Merdeka Selatan
4-5, Jakarta 10110
mailing address: Unit
8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520
telephone: [62]
(21) 3435-9000
FAX: [62]
(21) 3435-9922
consulate(s) general: Surabaya
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Flag description:
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two equal horizontal bands
of red (top) and white;
the colors derive from the
banner of the Majapahit
Empire of the 13th-15th
centuries; red symbolizes
courage, white represents
purity
note: similar
to the flag of Monaco,
which is shorter; also
similar to the flag of
Poland, which is white
(top) and red
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National anthem:
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name: "Indonesia
Raya" (Great
Indonesia)
lyrics/music: Wage
Rudolf SOEPRATMAN
note: adopted
1945
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Economy
::Indonesia
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Economy -
overview:
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Indonesia, a vast
polyglot nation, has
weathered the global
financial crisis
relatively smoothly
because of its heavy
reliance on domestic
consumption as the
driver of economic
growth. Although the
economy slowed
significantly in
2009 from the
6%-plus growth rate
recorded in 2007 and
2008, by 2010 growth
returned to a 6%
rate. During the
recession, Indonesia
outperformed its
regional neighbors
and joined China and
India as the only
G20 members posting
growth. The
government made
economic advances
under the first
administration of
President YUDHOYONO,
introducing
significant reforms
in the financial
sector, including
tax and customs
reforms, the use of
Treasury bills, and
capital market
development and
supervision.
Indonesia's
debt-to-GDP ratio in
recent years has
declined steadily
because of
increasingly robust
GDP growth and sound
fiscal stewardship.
Indonesia still
struggles with
poverty and
unemployment,
inadequate
infrastructure,
corruption, a
complex regulatory
environment, and
unequal resource
distribution among
regions. YUDHOYONO's
reelection, with
respected economist
BOEDIONO as his vice
president, suggests
broad continuity of
economic policy,
although the start
of their term has
been marred by
corruption scandals
and the departure of
an internationally
respected finance
minister. The
government in 2010
faces the ongoing
challenge of
improving
Indonesia's
insufficient
infrastructure to
remove impediments
to economic growth,
while addressing
climate change
mitigation and
adaptation needs,
particularly with
regard to conserving
Indonesia's forests
and peatlands, the
focus of a
potentially
trailblazing $1
billion REDD+ pilot
project.
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GDP (purchasing
power parity):
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$1.033 trillion
(2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 16
$974.6 billion (2009
est.)
$932.6 billion (2008
est.)
note: data
are in 2010 US
dollars
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GDP (official
exchange rate):
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$695.1 billion (2009
est.)
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GDP - real growth
rate:
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6% (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 39
4.5% (2009 est.)
6% (2008 est.)
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GDP - per capita
(PPP):
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$4,300 (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 157
$4,100 (2009 est.)
$3,900 (2008 est.)
note: data
are in 2010 US
dollars
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GDP - composition
by sector:
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agriculture: 14.9%
industry: 46.8%
services: 38.3%
(2009 est.)
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Labor force:
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114.9 million (2009
est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 5 |
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Labor force - by
occupation:
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agriculture: 42.1%
industry: 18.6%
services: 39.3%
(2005 est.)
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Unemployment rate:
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7.1% (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 74
8.1% (2009 est.)
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Population below
poverty line:
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13.3% (2006)
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Household income
or consumption by
percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 32.3%
(2006)
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Distribution of
family income - Gini
index:
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39.4 (2005)
country
comparison to the
world: 66
37 (2001)
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Investment (gross
fixed):
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30.8% of GDP (2009
est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 14 |
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Budget:
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revenues: $117.2
billion
expenditures: $127.4
billion (2009 est.)
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Public debt:
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26.4% of GDP (2010
est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 91
27.4% of GDP (2009
est.)
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Inflation rate
(consumer prices):
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5.2% (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 148
4.8% (2009 est.)
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Central bank
discount rate:
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6.46% (31 December
2009)
country
comparison to the
world: 40
10.83% (31 December
2008)
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Commercial bank
prime lending rate:
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14.5% (31 December
2009 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 57
13.6% (31 December
2008 est.)
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Stock of narrow
money:
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$65.47 billion (31
December 2010 est)
$49.63 billion (31
December 2009 est)
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Stock of broad
money:
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$276.8 billion (31
December 2010 est.)
$205.8 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
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Stock of domestic
credit:
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$253.1 billion (31
December 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 37
$192.3 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
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Market value of
publicly traded
shares:
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$178.2 billion (31
December 2009)
country
comparison to the
world: 36
$98.76 billion (31
December 2008)
$211.7 billion (31
December 2007)
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Agriculture -
products:
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rice, cassava
(tapioca), peanuts,
rubber, cocoa,
coffee, palm oil,
copra; poultry,
beef, pork, eggs
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Industries:
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petroleum and
natural gas,
textiles, apparel,
footwear, mining,
cement, chemical
fertilizers,
plywood, rubber,
food, tourism
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Industrial
production growth
rate:
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4% (2009 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 85 |
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Electricity -
production:
|
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134.4 billion kWh
(2007 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 27 |
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Electricity -
consumption:
|
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119.3 billion kWh
(2007 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 28 |
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Electricity -
exports:
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0 kWh (2008 est.)
|
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Electricity -
imports:
|
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0 kWh (2008 est.)
|
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Oil - production:
|
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1.023 million
bbl/day (2009 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 22 |
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Oil - consumption:
|
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1.115 million
bbl/day (2009 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 18 |
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Oil - exports:
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85,000 bbl/day (2008
est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 69 |
|
|
Oil - imports:
|
|
671,000 bbl/day
(2007 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 20 |
|
|
Oil - proved
reserves:
|
|
4.05 billion bbl (1
January 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 28 |
|
|
Natural gas -
production:
|
|
70 billion cu m
(2008 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 12 |
|
|
Natural gas -
consumption:
|
|
36.5 billion cu m
(2008 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 23 |
|
|
Natural gas -
exports:
|
|
33.5 billion cu m
(2008 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 7 |
|
|
Natural gas -
imports:
|
|
0 cu m (2008 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 174 |
|
|
Natural gas -
proved reserves:
|
|
3.001 trillion cu m
(1 January 2010
est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 14 |
|
|
Current account
balance:
|
|
$8.532 billion (2010
est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 25
$10.75 billion (2009
est.)
|
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$146.3 billion (2010
est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 30
$119.5 billion (2009
est.)
|
|
|
Exports -
commodities:
|
|
oil and gas,
electrical
appliances, plywood,
textiles, rubber
|
|
|
Exports -
partners:
|
|
Japan 17.28%,
Singapore 11.29%, US
10.81%, China 7.62%,
South Korea 5.53%,
India 4.35%, Taiwan
4.11%, Malaysia
4.07% (2009)
|
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$111.1 billion (2010
est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 30
$84.35 billion (2009
est.)
|
|
|
Imports -
commodities:
|
|
machinery and
equipment,
chemicals, fuels,
foodstuffs
|
|
|
Imports -
partners:
|
|
Singapore 24.96%,
China 12.52%, Japan
8.92%, Malaysia
5.88%, South Korea
5.64%, US 4.88%,
Thailand 4.45%
(2009)
|
|
|
Reserves of
foreign exchange and
gold:
|
|
$83.58 billion (31
December 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 16
$66.12 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
|
|
|
Debt - external:
|
|
$155.9 billion (31
December 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 30
$156.7 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
|
|
|
Stock of direct
foreign investment -
at home:
|
|
$81.21 billion (31
December 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 41
$72.84 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
|
|
|
Stock of direct
foreign investment -
abroad:
|
|
$33.71 billion (31
December 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 36
$30.18 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
per US dollar -
9,169.5 (2010),
10,389.9 (2009),
9,698.9 (2008),
9,143 (2007),
9,159.3 (2006)
|
|
Communications
::Indonesia
|
Telephones
- main lines
in use:
|
|
33.958 million
(2009)
country
comparison to
the world:
9 |
|
|
Telephones
- mobile
cellular:
|
|
159.248
million (2009)
country
comparison to
the world:
6 |
|
|
Telephone
system:
|
|
general
assessment: domestic
service
includes an
interisland
microwave
system, an HF
radio police
net, and a
domestic
satellite
communications
system;
international
service good
domestic: coverage
provided by
existing
network has
been expanded
by use of over
200,000
telephone
kiosks many
located in
remote areas;
mobile-cellular
subscribership
growing
rapidly
international:
country
code - 62;
landing point
for both the
SEA-ME-WE-3
and
SEA-ME-WE-4
submarine
cable networks
that provide
links
throughout
Asia, the
Middle East,
and Europe;
satellite
earth stations
- 2 Intelsat
(1 Indian
Ocean and 1
Pacific Ocean)
|
|
|
Broadcast
media:
|
|
mixture of
about a dozen
national
television
networks - 2
public
broadcasters,
the remainder
private
broadcasters -
each with
multiple
transmitters;
more than 100
local TV
stations
operating;
widespread use
of satellite
and cable TV
systems;
public radio
broadcaster
operates 6
national
networks as
well as
regional and
local
stations;
overall, more
than 700 radio
stations
operating with
more than 650
privately-operated
(2008)
|
|
|
Internet
country code:
|
|
.id
|
|
|
Internet
hosts:
|
|
1.269 million
(2010)
country
comparison to
the world:
39 |
|
|
Internet
users:
|
|
20 million
(2009)
country
comparison to
the world:
22
|
|
Transportation
::Indonesia
|
Airports:
|
|
684
(2010)
country
comparison
to the
world:
10 |
|
|
Airports
- with
paved
runways:
|
|
total: 171
over
3,047 m:
4
2,438 to
3,047 m:
19
1,524 to
2,437 m:
50
914 to
1,523 m:
64
under
914 m: 34
(2010)
|
|
|
Airports
- with
unpaved
runways:
|
|
total: 513
1,524 to
2,437 m:
4
914 to
1,523 m:
25
under
914 m: 484
(2010)
|
|
|
Heliports:
|
|
64
(2010)
|
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
condensate
735 km;
condensate/gas
73 km;
gas
5,800
km; oil
5,721
km;
oil/gas/water
12 km;
refined
products
1,370 km
(2009)
|
|
|
Railways:
|
|
total: 8,529
km
country
comparison
to the
world:
25
narrow
gauge: 8,529
km
1.067-m
gauge
(565 km
electrified)
(2008)
|
|
|
Roadways:
|
|
total: 437,759
km
country
comparison
to the
world:
14
paved: 258,744
km
unpaved:
179,015
km
(2008)
|
|
|
Waterways:
|
|
21,579
km
(2011)
country
comparison
to the
world:
5 |
|
|
Merchant
marine:
|
|
total: 1,244
country
comparison
to the
world:
8
by type:
bulk
carrier
95,
cargo
601,
chemical
tanker
57,
container
112,
liquefied
gas 17,
passenger
47,
passenger/cargo
76,
petroleum
tanker
214,
refrigerated
cargo 4,
roll
on/roll
off 12,
specialized
tanker
1,
vehicle
carrier
8
foreign-owned:
61
(China
1,
France
1,
Greece
1, Japan
7,
Malaysia
1,
Norway
4,
Singapore
42,
South
Korea 1,
Taiwan
1, US 2)
registered
in other
countries:
87
(Bahamas
2,
Cambodia
2, Hong
Kong 8,
Liberia
4,
Mongolia
2,
Panama
14,
Singapore
53,
unknown
2)
(2010)
|
|
|
Ports
and
terminals:
|
|
Banjarmasin,
Belawan,
Kotabaru,
Krueg
Geukueh,
Palembang,
Panjang,
Sungai
Pakning,
Tanjung
Perak,
Tanjung
Priok
|
|
|
Transportation
- note:
|
|
the
International
Maritime
Bureau
reports
the
territorial
and
offshore
waters
in the
Strait
of
Malacca
and
South
China
Sea as
high
risk for
piracy
and
armed
robbery
against
ships;
numerous
commercial
vessels
have
been
attacked
and
hijacked
both at
anchor
and
while
underway;
hijacked
vessels
are
often
disguised
and
cargo
diverted
to ports
in East
Asia;
crews
have
been
murdered
or cast
adrift
|
|
Military
::Indonesia
|
Military
branches:
|
|
Indonesian
Armed
Forces
(Tentara
Nasional
Indonesia,
TNI):
Army
(TNI-Angkatan
Darat
(TNI-AD)),
Navy
(TNI-Angkatan
Laut
(TNI-AL);
includes
marines,
naval
air
arm),
Air
Force
(TNI-Angkatan
Udara
(TNI-AU)),
National
Air
Defense
Command
(Kommando
Pertahanan
Udara
Nasional
(Kohanudnas))
(2009)
|
|
|
Military
service
age
and
obligation:
|
|
18
years
of
age
for
selective
compulsory
and
voluntary
military
service;
2-year
conscript
service
obligation,
with
reserve
obligation
to
age
45
(officers);
Indonesian
citizens
only
(2008)
|
|
|
Manpower
available
for
military
service:
|
|
males
age
16-49:
65,166,986
females
age
16-49:
62,715,534
(2010
est.)
|
|
|
Manpower
fit
for
military
service:
|
|
males
age
16-49:
53,624,156
females
age
16-49:
52,879,309
(2010
est.)
|
|
|
Manpower
reaching
militarily
significant
age
annually:
|
|
male:
2,227,993
female:
2,156,427
(2010
est.)
|
|
|
Military
expenditures:
|
|
3%
of
GDP
(2005
est.)
country
comparison
to
the
world:
46
|
|
Transnational
Issues
::Indonesia
|
Disputes
-
international:
|
|
Indonesia
has
a
stated
foreign
policy
objective
of
establishing
stable
fixed
land
and
maritime
boundaries
with
all
of
its
neighbors;
some
sections
of
border
along
Timor-Leste's
Oecussi
exclave
and
maritime
boundaries
with
Timor-Leste
remain
unresolved;
many
refugees
from
Timor-Leste
who
left
in
2003
still
reside
in
Indonesia
and
refuse
repatriation;
a
1997
treaty
between
Indonesia
and
Australia
settled
some
parts
of
their
maritime
boundary
but
outstanding
issues
remain;
ICJ's
award
of
Sipadan
and
Ligitan
islands
to
Malaysia
in
2002
left
the
sovereignty
of
Unarang
rock
and
the
maritime
boundary
in
the
Ambalat
oil
block
in
the
Celebes
Sea
in
dispute;
the
ICJ
decision
has
prompted
Indonesia
to
assert
claims
to
and
to
establish
a
presence
on
its
smaller
outer
islands;
Indonesia
and
Singapore
continue
to
work
on
finalization
of
their
1973
maritime
boundary
agreement
by
defining
unresolved
areas
north
of
Indonesia's
Batam
Island;
Indonesian
secessionists,
squatters,
and
illegal
migrants
create
repatriation
problems
for
Papua
New
Guinea;
maritime
delimitation
talks
continue
with
Palau;
Indonesian
groups
challenge
Australia's
claim
to
Ashmore
Reef;
Australia
has
closed
parts
of
the
Ashmore
and
Cartier
Reserve
to
Indonesian
traditional
fishing
and
placed
restrictions
on
certain
catches
|
|
|
Refugees
and
internally
displaced
persons:
|
|
IDPs:
200,000-350,000
(government
offensives
against
rebels
in
Aceh;
most
IDPs
in
Aceh,
Central
Kalimantan,
Central
Sulawesi
Provinces,
and
Maluku)
(2007)
|
|
|
Illicit
drugs:
|
|
illicit
producer
of
cannabis
largely
for
domestic
use;
producer
of
methamphetamine
and
ecstasy
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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