|
Indonesia's Transportation
|
Airports:
|
|
684 (2010)
country
comparison to the world: 10 |
|
|
Airports -
with paved runways:
|
|
total: 171
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047
m: 19
1,524 to 2,437
m: 50
914 to 1,523 m:
64
under 914 m: 34
(2010)
|
|
|
Airports -
with unpaved runways:
|
|
total: 513
1,524 to 2,437
m: 4
914 to 1,523 m:
25
under 914 m: 484
(2010)
|
|
|
Heliports:
|
|
64 (2010)
|
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
condensate 735
km; condensate/gas 73 km; gas 5,800 km; oil 5,721
km; oil/gas/water 12 km; refined products 1,370 km
(2009)
|
|
|
Railways:
|
|
total: 8,529
km
country
comparison to the world: 25
narrow gauge: 8,529
km 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified) (2008)
|
|
|
Roadways:
|
|
total: 437,759
km
country
comparison to the world: 14
paved: 258,744
km
unpaved: 179,015
km (2008)
|
|
|
Waterways:
|
|
21,579 km
(2011)
country
comparison to the world: 5 |
|
|
Merchant
marine:
|
|
total: 1,244
country
comparison to the world: 8
by type: bulk
carrier 95, cargo 601, chemical tanker 57,
container 112, liquefied gas 17, passenger 47,
passenger/cargo 76, petroleum tanker 214,
refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 12,
specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 8
foreign-owned: 61
(China 1, France 1, Greece 1, Japan 7, Malaysia 1,
Norway 4, Singapore 42, South Korea 1, Taiwan 1,
US 2)
registered in
other countries: 87
(Bahamas 2, Cambodia 2, Hong Kong 8, Liberia 4,
Mongolia 2, Panama 14, Singapore 53, unknown 2)
(2010)
|
|
|
Ports and
terminals:
|
|
Banjarmasin,
Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang,
Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung
Priok
|
|
|
Transportation
- note:
|
|
the
International Maritime Bureau reports the
territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of
Malacca and South China Sea as high risk for
piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous
commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked
both at anchor and while underway; hijacked
vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to
ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or
cast adrift
|
TRANSPORTATION
AND COMMUNICATION
The development of
the transportation system is designed to support the development
of the economy, the national stability and inter-regional equality
as well as distribution to realize the Indonesian Archipelagic
Outlook.
In Repelita VI, the
Government developed a national transportation system with special
attention to undeveloped areas, mainly in eastern Indonesia,
improved town transportation that supports industry, agriculture,
trade and tourism and increased the quality of transportation
means and infrastructures, the community's role, human resources
and technology.
To achieve those
targets, transportation is developed through eight (8) programs,
comprise five (5) main programs and three (3) supporting programs.
The main programs
cover the development of the national transportation system, the
construction of roads and bridges and improvement of land, sea and
air transportation.
The supporting
programs cover the development of meteorology and geophysics,
improvement of search and rescue, the promotion of education and
training and development of transportation resources.
The national
transportation system in the fourth year of Repelita VI developed
several strategic concepts and basic policies on the
transportation system, in accordance with national space planning
aimed at supporting economic development.
Besides, the
Government conducted various studies and researches to help the
concept of the national transportation system.
During four years
of Repelita VI, the road network was rehabilitated.
The construction of
new roads and bridges was directed towards opening remote areas,
developing urban, transmigration and production areas and
supporting the development of strategic locations.
In 1997/98, the
Government rehabilitated 33,482 km of roads and 8,636 meters of
bridges. If compared with those in 1996/97, it showed and increase
of 3.3% and 8.7% respectively.
Back to Top
The improvement of
strategic roads and reconstruction of artery and collateral roods,
and bridges was to support the development of fast growing regions
and industrial development centers, serve container transportation
and port access.
In 1997/98, 5,540
km of artery and access roads were improved and 16,184 meters of
bridges reconstructed. Meanwhile, 9,794 km of local roads were
improved and 21,595 meters of local bridges reconstructed. If
compared with those in 1996/97, where 5,773 km of artery and
accers roads were improved there was a decline of four (4)
percent. Meanwhile 15.222 meters of arteries and access bridges
were improved showing a rise of 6.3%. The construction of roads
and bridges is aimed at opening remote areas, not accessible by
road transportation.
In 1997/98, the
Government constructed 1,221 km of artery and collateral roads and
4,790 meters of bridges. Meanwhile, the Government constructed 42
km of toll roads. If compared with 1996/97, the construction of
artery and access roads decreased by 34%, while toll roads rose to
83%.
In 1997/98, 62,932
km artery and access roads were kept in good condition or an
increase of 6.6% or compared with that in 1996/97 with only 59,020
km. Meanwhile 3,668 km of unstable roads in 1997/98, was 51,6%
less if compared to that of 1996/97 with 7,580 km. Of 66,600 km of
artery and collateral roads in 1997/98, 94.5% was in good
condition.
Expansion of the
road network and their improvement promoted other development
activities leading to the people's welfare, before the monetary
crisis, serving 13.7 million vehicles in the first year of
Repelita VI and rose to 17.7 million by the fourth year.
In the first year
of Repelita VI, 121.7 million passengers and 16.7 million tons of
freight were transported. It grew to 158,7 million passengers and
19.1 million tons of freight in the fourth year of Repelita. The
number of passenger transported by river, lake and ferry also rose
from 63 million passengers in the first year to 82.2 million
passengers in the fourth year of Repelita VI.
Meanwhile, 28.6
million tons of freight were transported in the first year of
Repelita VI rising to 32.5 million tons in the fourth year.
At the end of
Repelita V, 13.0 million vehicles served road transportation and
grew to 17.7 million vehicles by the fourth year.
Within the limits
of the state budget, the development of road facilities in 1997/98
was to give priority to certain regions, where accidents could
easily happen by supplying and installing 6,833 road signs, 38
traffic lights, 392,570 meters of surface signs and 51,260 meters
of safety fences and continue the construction of an Automatic
Traffic Control System (ATCS) in Bandung.
Back to Top
RIVER, LAKE AND
FERRY TRANSPORTATION
The development of
river, lake and ferry transportation is aimed at providing better
access to the hinterland, border and remote areas, especially in
eastern Indonesia.
In the efforts to
support undeveloped Indonesian regions, the Government subsidies
river, lake, ferry transportation by operating ferries.
Therefore, in
1997/98, the Government built nine (9) pioneer ships and 10 ferry
quays, 17 river quays and three (3) lake quays.
Besides, the
Government rehabilitated several ferry and river quays, improved
the safety of transportation by putting up ferry and river signs
and cleaned 125 km of water ways.
Meanwhile the
Government distributed funds to supply five (5) fast ferries
serving Jakarta-Surabaya, Banjarmasin-Surabaya and Balikpapan -
Pare-Pare lines to ease off these transportation routes.
In 1997/98, the
Government added 64 routes of pioneer ferry lines or an increase
of 23% if compared to that of the previous year, in the routes to
eastern Indonesia.
In 1997/98, ferry
lines in Indonesia were supported by 168 ships and seven (7)
water-trucks, of which 91 were owned by the private sectors and
the rest owned by the state-run company PT. ASDP.
The number of
passengers, freight and vehicles going by river, lake and ferry
transportation in 1997/98 increased by 4.9%, 4.4% and 4.6%
respectively, if compared with those in 1996/97.
Back to Top
SEA TRANSPORTATION
The development of
sea transportation covers the improvement of shipping safety;
expansion of seaport facilities and the promotion of shipping
fleets.
Those three
activities are directed towards supporting the smooth flow of
freight and passengers. With a greatly revised State Budget in
1997/98, the Government constructed 2,576 square meters of seaport
facilities, including 1,529 square meters or 59.9% of pioneer
quays, rehabilitated 8,309 square meters of quays, built 2,475
square meters of warehouses, rehabilitated 1,250 square meters of
warehouses and constructed 119,228 square meters of open storage
and 3,395 square meters of passenger terminals.
To improve shipping
safety in Indonesian territorial waters the Government installed
supporting navigation means, in 1997/98 consisting of 17 light
houses, 49 light signs and 6 radio communication equipment while
13.3 million cubic meters of mud in the main shipping lines were
dredged.
The national
shipping fleet is grouped into the Nusantara Shipping, Traditional
Shipping, Pioneer Shipping, Special Shipping and Overseas Shipping
Fleets.
In 1997/98, the
Nusantara Shipping Fleet operated 1,314 ships with a capacity of
4,215,945 DWT, transporting 70,557,541 tons of cargo. In 1996/97,
there were 79 ships transporting 9,236,906 tons of cargo. With the
addition of one ship in 1997/98, 4,382,606 persons were
transported or a 4.9% rise compared with that in 1996/97.
Back to Top
In 1997/98, the
Traditional Shipping Fleet was the same as the previous year, but
its capacity decreased to 397,616 DWT. while 8,582,171 tons of
cargo were carried, an increase of 257,872 tons or 3.1% if
compared with that in 1996/97.
Pioneer shipping is
the Government's effort to provide sea transportation services in
remote areas, not served yet by other transportation modes.
In 1997/98, the
Government operated 37 pioneer shipping trajects served by 37
ships. This was one (1) traject and one (1) ship more than the
previous year.
Meanwhile, the
number of harbors being called fell to 277 locations with a
frequency of 23 times.
The number of
passengers in 1997/98 increased to 314,776 persons or 6.2%, if
compared with that in 1996/97. On the other hand, 1997/98. the
cargo dropped to 98,929 tons or 10.3%, if compared with that in
1996/97.
The Special
Shipping Fleet received 2 units, but there was no change in the
same period. Only 281,513,187 tons were transported a drop of
36,855,029 tons or 11.6%, it compared with that in 1996/97.
In 1997/98, 37
ships with a capacity of 386,057 DWT carried 39,715,797 tons of
cargo, or decreased 11.6% if compared with that in 1996/97.
Back to Top
AIR TRANSPORT
The development of
air transport covers the improvement of airport facilities and
flight safety, management of air traffic and promotion of the air
fleet.
In the fourth years
of Repelita VI, the Government lengthened 35,947 square meters of
runways, constructed and expanded 7,607 square meters of passenger
terminals, built 5,167 square meters of operational supporting
buildings. The Government built Buli-Airport in Maluku to open
isolated areas.
In 1997/98, the
capability of big airports was the same as in 1996/97 namely seven
(7) airports serve B-747, six (6) airports serve
DC-10/MD-11/A-300, 14 airports serve DC-9/B-737, 16 airports serve
F-28 and 24 airports only serve F-27/CN-235.
However, the number
of small airports serving Cassa-212 increased from 199 in 1996/97
to 120 in 1997/98 with the addition of Buli Airport.
The Government has
opened 23 airports as the gateway of international flights from
Medan, Pakanbaru, Palembang, Tanjung Pinang, Jakarta, Pontianak,
Tarakan, Manado, Jayapura, Biak, Merauke, Ambon, Kupang, Denpasar,
Padang, Balikpapan, Surabaya, Surakarta, Batam, Banda Aceh,
Bandung, Mataram and Ujung Pandang, of which, 21 airports serve
foreign airline companies.
In the efforts to
develop and regenerate airplanes in 1997/98, the State-owned
companies had rented several planes. In June 1998, 114 planes
operated on scheduled flights. It dropped by 16% if compared with
that in 1996/97, due to the present monetary crisis.
In 1997/98, the
number of passengers and cargo carried by the national fleet on
domestic routes fell by 6.2% for passengers and increased by 0.9%
for cargo traffic.
In 1997/98, the
number of passengers carried by pioneer flights increased by
12.6%.
Back to Top
METEOROLOGY AND
GEOPHYSICS
In 1997/98, six (6)
meteorological stations were built, three (3) meteorological
stations improved, three (3) climatological stations built along
with three (3) climatological stations and one (1) geophysical
station. The Government also built 210 rain observation posts and
air polutional observation post.
In 1997/98, the
meteorology and geophysics service collected 1.5 million
meteorological data, 450,000 of climatological data, 26,000
geophysical data and 2,000 atmosphere compositions. The data were
used in various development sectors, especially in the field of
shipping, aviation, agriculture, geophysics and the environment.
The Government is
maintaining better cooperation in the field of research, data and
information exchanges while improving the quality of human
resources with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Food
and Agricultural Organization (FAO), International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO) and International Union of Geophysical and
Geodetic (IUGG) and other meteorological and geophysical
organizations in ASEAN, Australia and Pacific countries.
SAR's capability in
1997/98 was being developed to enhance its services. This effort
was realized through the supply of various SAR equipment such as
three (3) sets of rubber boats and rescue boats, five (5) sets of
diving equipment and other SAR communication equipment a.o. 52
sets of Handy Talky (HT), six (6) sets of single side band and SAR
medical equipment.
Back to Top
In 1997/98, the
Government held various education and training courses, consisting
of basic education, for 6,792 participants, pre-function
education, for 6,104 participants, structural education, upgrading
and post graduate education. The Government also sent 306 persons
for education and training abroad.
Education and
training during 1997/98 was attended by 4,241 persons, consisting
of 306 persons in land transportation, 2,636 persons in sea
transportation, 975 persons in air transports and 324 persons in
meteorology and geophysics. The Government has built educational
means and infrastructure covering the supply of teaching equipment
and training planes. For that purpose 20,767 square meters
training and education hall were built in Ujung Pandang, Palembang
and Curug. While training halls and their supporting means were
rehabilitated in Semarang and Surabaya with 128 educational moduls
and 4 packages of education curriculum.
During the fourth
year of Repelita VI, the Government conducted several researches
on the original destinations of national transportation, the
development of long-term and regional transportation.
Research in the
development of land, sea and air transportation covers the study
of integrated transportation in the eastern part of Indonesia and
North Australia, evaluation, deregulation and debureaucratization
in the transportation sector to improve service quality.
In 1997/98, the
Government established a study of national communication base
data, the Executive Information System (EIS) of communication,
enhancement of information on transportation and state assets,
management of the impact of transportation on the environment and
technical guidance on the environment in the field of land, sea
and air transportation.
Back to Top
POSTAL AND GIRO
SERVICES
In the framework of
boosting the number of post-offices and giro service centers, in
1997/98, the Government added 19 units making it 5,090 units.
Through Service
Point Development Strategy (SPSP), the Government has developed
special service units in the remote and rural areas in the form of
postal houses, postal agents, village postal agents, postal shops
for family welfare, post and stamp kiosks (BPM) and school post
offices.
In 1993/94, the
special services had only 8,461 units, but in 1997/98 it increased
to 11,453 units.
To improve the
distribution of postal and giro services, the Government has added
35 mobile post-offices, consisting of one (1) four-wheeled vehicle
for urban areas to serve four (4) new terminals and 29 motorcycles
and motorboats that serving 230 new terminals.
The 557 mobile post
offices for urban areas in 1997/98 served 1,386 terminals, 2,964
units served 10,550 terminals in rural areas.
Back to Top
In 1997/98, the
Government introduced new postal services in the form of optimal
parcels namely to send parcels with non-standard form at home,
insurance for delays, damaged and lost parcels.
The role of
cooperatives and private companies mainly in small and
middle-class business has been increased through cooperation in
the form of postal and giro service agencies, particularly through
SPSP.
To enhance its role
in collecting the community's fund, the state-run PT. Pos
Indonesia engaged in various activities such as giro, post-checks
and money order services in 1997/98.
Production of PT.
Pos Indonesia in 1997/98 increased to 117.6%, 277.9% and 108.8%
respectively, if compared with those in 1993/94.
As supplier of
financial services, in December 1997, PT. Pos Indonesia signed a
joint-cooperation agreement with a private bank and several
national companies to establish PT. Bank Pos to supply banking
services for small-scale businesses and the weak economic groups.
The Indonesian
Philately Association until 1997/98 had 777,959 members in 27
provinces, compared to 149,659 members in 1993/94.
Back to Top
TELECOMMUNICATION
During the fourth
year of Repelita VI, 4,688,650 telephone lines were added, so that
the central telephone capacity until 1997/98 was 7,701,543 lines
covering all provincial and district capitals, 70% sub-district
capitals and 39% of the villages.
To support the
equal provision of telecommunication services for the community at
large, the Government has set up public telephones and
telecommunication stalls (wartel).
In 1997/98, of the
117,606 public telephones 71,035 were coin operated units (TUC)
and 46,671 card operated units (TUK).
In 1997/98, the
total number of telecommunication stalls was 6,257 units with a
capacity of 35,117 lines, a four fold increase if compared with
that in 1993/94, with only 1,257 units with a capacity of 8,445
lines.
The public radio
calling services (RPUU) customers in 1997/98 swelled to 501,605
customers or multiplied nearly six (6) times if compared with that
in 1993/94, with only 87,118 customers.
In the same period,
913.052 lines of mobile telephone network (STB), consisting of
212,776 lines of analog STB and 700,276 lines of digital STB were
laid out. If compared with that in 1993/94, it showed an increase
of 31,662 lines.
In improving
telecommunication services at home and abroad, the Government
continues to develop terrestrial transmission, expand digital
microwave transmission in Sumatra, Nusatenggara, Kalimantan and
Sulawesi, improves Optical Fibre Communication Network (SKSO) in
Lampung and Java, maintain a Sea Cable Communication Network (SKKL)
of optical fiber between Indonesia - France as part of SKKL South
East Asia - Middle East - West Europe (SEA-ME-WE) II and uses
optical fiber between Jakarta-Surabaya-Australia.
Back to Top
Until 1997/98,
International Direct Dialing (SLI) services could link all
provincial, district and sub-district capitals with automatic
central system in Indonesia with 256 destination cities abroad.
Meanwhile the
Direct Dialing Services in 1997/98 could be done from 420
locations in Indonesia to 43 destination countries abroad.
Until 1997/98, the
Government had operated 15 Cable Network Maintenance Centers in 10
cities namely Medan, Palembang, Jakarta, Tangerang, Bekasi,
Bandung, Semarang, Surabaya, Denpasar and Ujung Pandang.
The ratio of call
success as main indicator of service quality in 1997/98 achieved
61.7% for local links and 58.6% for long distance direct dialing (SLJJ).
In the same period,
the ratio of call success for international lines to Indonesia
reached 57.6% and from Indonesia to abroad 63.1%.
Radio frequency
control and utilization of the satellite orbit is used to regulate
domestic and international frequencies.
In 1997/98, the
Government set up two new permanent stations, four (4) mobile
stations and three (3) Automatic Direction Finder stations. So by
the fourth year of Repelita VI, there were five (5) permanent
stations, 80 mobile stations and three (3) automatic direction
finder stations. Meanwhile, the Government had issued 200,366
radio concession permits, an increase from only 67,876 permits in
1993/94.
Besides, the
Government had issued permits for six (6) TV stations, including
five (5) private TV stations till 1997/98.
Since January 6,
1996 the government has allowed private companies and cooperatives
to take part in telecommunication development through Operational
Cooperation (KSO) covering the construction of two (2) million
telephone lines, of which 969,670 lines were laid through KSO
partnership.
Standardization of
equipment in 1997/98 was developed through the formation of
national standardization in the field of post and
telecommunication and the adoption of the international standard.
Until 1997/98, the
Government has granted 731 certificates and 62,438 labels for
telecommunication equipment.
Back to Top
Besides the main
programs, the Government also implemented 2 supporting programs in
1997/98 for education, training and counseling and another for
research, postal and telecommunication development.
Several
institutions trained 45,644 additional workers in the field of
post and telecommunication.
Besides public
telecommunication, the government also developed special defense
and security telecommunication systems in the fourth year of
Repelita VI.
Special
telecommunication is used by the State-run railways company in the
form of Automatic Train Telephones (TOKA). Until 1997/98, the
number of TOKA in operation had been 4,210 lines, to controll
train operations in 21 control sections at 420 stations.
To support shipping
safety, the Coastal Radio Station (SRP) broadcast and receive news
of disasters, "Save Our Soul" (SOS) from ship to the
shore.
To support flight
services the trunking radio system has been utilized in various
airports such as Hang Nadim in Batam, Soekarno-Hatta in Cengkareng,
Adisucipto in Yogyakarta, Juanda in Surabaya, Syamsudin Noor in
Banjarmasin, Sepinggan in Balikpapan, Hasanuddin in Ujung Pandang
and Sam Ratulangi in Manado.
Meanwhile, the
Department of Forestry has developed a special forestry radio
and data communication network in 27 regional offices. The
telecommunication network of PT TELKOM is used for
inter-provincial connections.
The Government has
set up a power Line carrier (PLC) in the from of an optical fiber
transmission network and communication radio to support the
electrical service facility.
Until 1997/98, the
PLC capacity installed by the Government was 1.068 units of
optical fiber transmission network and 935 units of communication
radio.
To effectively
support defense and security, the defense and security
communication system is developed, and adjusted to the advanced
technology such as satellite communication digital microwave and
radio trunking.
Back to Top
INDONESIAN
RAILWAYS PUBLIC COMPANY
From the Cradle
to the Grave
The initial
construction of railway tracks between Kemijen and Tanggung (both
in Central Java) in June 1864 commenced the development of
railways in this archipelago presently known as Indonesia.
Meanwhile, the opening of the Kemijen and Tanggung in June 1884
initiated the railways services in this archipelago which was then
colonized by the Dutch through the Vereenigde Oost-Indische
Compagnie (VOC). Years later the construction works had been
extended to the adjacent line sections, and not only in Java but
also in Sumatra including in Aceh and Riau. Railway tracks in the
latter was removed by the Japanese imperialists to Burma during
their occupation. It is worth noting that at the end of Word War
II the total length of railway tracks on the islands of Java,
Madura and Sumatra was 6,458 km. At the time the railway services
was operated by the Nederlansch Indische Spoorweg maat-schappy (NIS).
It is believed that
the main reasons for the initial construction of the railways were
to underpin the sectors of agriculture, plantation and mining in
particularly and economic growth in general. More specifically it
was initially aimed mainly at coping with the exported freight
transport from the upstream inland to down stream ports.
During the course
of history, it has changed its status from DKRI (The State
Railways of the Republic of Indonesia) from 1945 to 1950, to DKA
(the Indonesian Railways) from 1950 to 1964, to PNKA (the
State-owned Railways Enterprise) from 1969 to 1971 to PJKA (the
Indonesian Railways) from 1971 to 1990 and finally to Perumka (the
Indonesian Railway Public corporation).
The Perumka has a
mission to undertake mass-transportation in a bid to help improve
national economic growth and to support development in other
sectors, in the context of distribution equity.
Meanwhile the
Perumka's main task is to provide mass-passenger and freight
services to the general public.
Back to Top
Manned by 36,429
personnel operation, Perumka in 1996 operated 5,041.745
kilometers, tracks 255 electric diesel locomotives, 146 hydraulic
diesel locomotives, 173 executive class coaches, 311business class
coaches, 559 economy class coaches and 85 miscellaneous coaches as
well as 4,540 four-axle freight wagons and 6,437 two-axle freight
wagons. In fiscal year 1997/1998, a total of 158.6 million
passenger journeys was made and 19.0 million tons of freight
conveyed by Perumka.
Perumka continues
to add and improve its infrastructures and facilities. In fiscal
year 1997/98 alone Perumka rehabilitated 166.8 km of railway
tracks, procured 100 units of electric powered trains, 10 units of
economy class coaches, rehabilitated 45 locomotives and procured
15 diesel locomotives. At the same time it also installed a number
of road signs, traffic lights and constructed an automatic traffic
control system (ATCS) in Bandung. Gradually, the manual traffic
control systems have been replaced by automatic ones.
These days Perumka
has a Jakarta-based workshop for coaches, Yogyakarta-based
workshop for locomotives and Surabaya-based workshop for freight
wagons.
Passenger services
have improved in speed and comfort with the replacement of
out-of-data electric and diesel traction, which has also helped to
reduce operating costs, and with the replacement of old passenger
coaches by new stock, with improved amenities.
A fairly luxurious
passenger train currently in operation is Argobromo Anggrek, the
second generation of Agrobromo passenger trains consisting of one
power train, five executive class coaches, one restaurant and bar
and one business center coach equipped with sophisticated
technological communication devices like cellular phones,
facsimile, inter net and a photocopying machine, and wide-screened
videos in each coach. Argobromo Anggrek (Orchid Agrobromo) serves
to link Jakarta and Surabaya four time a day and night.
Back to Top
TRANSMIGRATION
TARGET AND
POLICY
The 1993 Guidelines
of the State Policy (GBHN) envisaged a harmonious and balanced
population dispersion, through transmigration programs, directed
towards a voluntary transmigration scheme. Transmigration in the
Sixth Five-Year Development Plan (Repelita VI) was to support the
regional development, widen population and manpower dispersion,
create new employment opportunities, improve the welfare of the
society in general, and of the transmigrants in particular,
strengthen the state defense and security as well as the unity and
integrity of the nation.
The transmigration
target in Repelita VI was to encourage the people to voluntary
transmigration, by providing them better access to the
transmigration areas and by gradually increasing the transmigrants'
income until they had saved their money for business expansion,
and to improve their social welfare especially education and
health.
The transmigration
target in Repelita VI was: the resettlement of around 600,000
families consisting of 350,000 semi-and fully government-sponsored
transmigrant families and 250,000 self-supporting voluntary
transmigrant families; the opening of 1,200 units of new
resettlements areas of around 500,000 ha of agricultural land; and
350,000 housing units complete with clean water and public
facilities.
To attain their
target, transmigration policies, encouraged transmigration to
eastern Indonesia to support regional development; alleviate
poverty, stimulate voluntary transmigration; develop agribusiness,
agro industry and other enterprises.
Back to Top
MANAGEMENT
The Department of
Transmigration and Resettlement of Forest Squatters set up a
coordinating body at national level to assist the Minister in
formulating short, medium and long-term integrated transmigration
programs and control their implementation.
The selection of a
settlement may take years to complete as soil scientists, crop
experts, civil engineers, geologists, agricultural economists,
anthropologists, and regional planners are involved. They test the
soil, measure rainfall and examine topography and assess
transportation requirements as well as market accessibility.
After extensive
field work and paperwork are completed the physical work of
constructing a new settlement for the settlers begins. Although
final tilling of the land for planting is left to the new
transmigrants, the Department of Transmigration provides
infrastructure such as roads, school buildings, medical clinics,
houses of worship as well as the actual homes to be occupied by
the settlers.
Prime areas for
transmigration settlements are those that have been damaged by
forest fire or waste-land of elephant grass although these areas
are cultivable. The central highlands of Irian Jaya are off limits
to transmigration settlements even though much of the highlands
has been damaged by stone axes of the Dani tribe and by fires.
Back to Top
TRANSMIGRATION
AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT
The main program is
designing technique and layout of new transmigration settlements;
the development of infrastructure and means of settlements; the
opening of farming areas, establishment of housing and public
facilities; development and maintenance afterward.
Until the fourth
year of Repelita VI 516 new transmigration resettlement units (UPT)
and 135 new villages with a low population density had been
established. In addition, to accommodate 89,784 families of
self-supporting voluntary transmigrants (TSM), the old
resettlement units had also been expanded. Since the beginning of
Repelita VI (1994/95), eastern Indonesia has been considered as
potential area for transmigration settlement, such as Kalimantan
and Irian Jaya. The majority or 68,6% of new transmigration
settlement units developed until fiscal year 1997/98 had been in
eastern Indonesia and the rest in Sumatra, west Indonesia. The
main destinations in fiscal year 1997/98 were: Irian Jaya, West
Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, and Riau.
Until the fourth
year of Repelita VI, 11,374.6 km of new roads, had been built in
all transmigration settlements, but they decreased by 3.3%
compared with the previous year due to their close proximity to
the old location. The total of new bridges until the fourth year
of Repelita VI was 37,953.7 m. Construction of new roads and
bridges in every new settlement had were16 km and 81.7 m
respectively.
In fiscal year
1997/98, 70,283 housing units for transmigrants were constructed,
together with 180 health centers, 382 houses of worship, 395
warehouses, and 379 houses for workers.
Meanwhile,
45,471.75 ha. new farm lands were opened, consisting of 25,323.4
ha. of yards and 20,148.35 ha. of production land.
After two years on
location the transmigrants are assured of their rights and the
Government grants them land certificates. In general, each
transmigrant receives three kinds of certificates namely one for
the plot of land where his house is located, one for production
land I and another for production land II. During four years of
Repelita VI, the Government granted 445,798 or about 111,450
certificates per year were issued to the transmigrants.
Back to Top
RECRUITING
SETTLERS
Intensive training
in various skills is given to the potential transmigrants who have
adequate education and are deemed able to become cadres in the
national development. In the fourth year of Repelita VI (1997/98),
22.740 transmigrants received training respectively 7,810 persons
in the field of agriculture, 6,930 persons in non-agriculture, and
8,000 persons in various skills.
In fiscal year
1997/98, 86,911 resettled families were composed of 49,861 of
semi-and fully government-supported transmigrant families and
37,050 self supporting voluntary transmigrant families. The figure
was lower than in the previous year due to drought and forest
fires which have hampered transmigration.
The majority or
84.4% of the transmigrants came from Java and the rest from Bali,
West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, and Lampung.
Back to Top
Information provided by the Directorate
of Foreign Information Services, Department of Information, Republic of
Indonesia.
|
